According to McGregor's Theory X, how are employees perceived?

In McGregor's Theory X, employees are perceived as needing close supervision. This theory stems from a view of human behavior that assumes individuals inherently dislike work and will avoid it whenever possible. Because of this belief, management must closely monitor employees and enforce strict controls to ensure that tasks are completed.

The essence of Theory X is that it assumes employees are primarily motivated by extrinsic factors, such as financial compensation and avoidance of punishment. Therefore, managers who subscribe to this theory typically adopt authoritarian management styles, believing that they must provide direction and oversight to ensure productivity. This perspective emphasizes a need for supervision to prevent underperformance and maintain productivity levels.

In contrast, the other options reflect views aligned more with Theory Y, which posits that employees are self-motivated, enjoy their work, and take responsibility for their tasks. This would suggest a different management approach, one that empowers employees and fosters a collaborative environment.